Architecture and Avant-garde Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Architecture and Avant-garde - Essay Example As acknowledged within the abstract section, Avant Garde is the French version for vanguard culture. In the context of art, vanguard culture refers to non-conformational and experimental approach of developing objects of art like music, structures and paintings. Dorita (2013) says that Avant Garde is distinct from traditional art of 19th Century because it employs substantial innovation and advanced skills in developing iconic pieces of art. This form of culture became dominant during the first four decades of 20th Century, especially in Europe and America. In operation, vanguard culture opposed mainstream norms. It labeled mainstream values as resulting from mass production effects of industrial revolution during the 19th Century. Early founders of Avant Garde criticized the manner in which traditional art and architecture incorporated superficial styling of objects in the name of innovation. In this regard, it sought to distance itself from mainstream habits and foster individual c reativity. It involved seeking autonomous excellence in artistic merit rather than following rigid conventions. Having gained an insight about Avant Garde, it is appropriate to extrapolate on the two concepts of modernism and postmodernism. Sharp (2002) says that most essayists including Max Horkheimer and Adorno assert that vanguard culture serves as an icon for modernism. According to Sharp (2002), autonomy in stylish creativity and innovation creates a distinction and draws boundaries between modernism and the post form. of modernism. In this context, modernism covers the artistic period of early 20th Century, especially the first four decades of this century. According to Heynen (2000), it was a period marked by employment of human intellect in enhancing aesthetical values of art. Innovations and autonomous creativity of modernism led to significant improvement in science and technology. In addition, vanguard ideologies motivated experimentation on almost all spheres of life as seen in architecture. It adopted a hierarchical and procedural approach of acquiring and applying knowledge in improving state of art. According to Heynen (2000), modernism is closely associated with the use of rational thinking models and logic in gaining and utilizing knowledge. Supposedly, modernism ended after 1945, thus giving way to postmodernism. Postmodernism Goldhagen (2005) says that as opposed to modernistic principles of logic and rational thinking, postmodernism adopts unscientific and irrational approach towards art. In the first four decades of 20th Century, architectural designs were taken as representing unique and genuine creativity of artists. However, postmodernism does not regard the work of architecture as the originating from authentic skills of an individual. According to Scoffham and Machedon (1999), postmodern era is marked by subjective and hyper-realistic models of thought as opposed to rigid and logical

Globalization, Education and Trade Essay Example for Free

Globalization, Education and Trade Essay Globalization being processes and operations on a global scale cut across national boundaries for trade, integrating and connecting communities, ideas, tourists, migrants, values and increasingly flow along global pathways as well as shared global problems, responsibilities, and sensibilities thus making the world in reality and experience more interconnected and with major delinkage of money and financial instruments from territory creating major new spheres of accumulation , telecommunications and electronic finance. Trade is major against any kind of taxes collected and imposed on the people according to Ramayana-epic. It spread within South East Asia having a profound impact on the cultures of different peoples, especially art and religion. Trade brought establishment of major rivers as natural pathways or trade routes, land trade routes such as the Silk Road, navigation and shipping, spending out at sea and reaching foreign lands exchanging culture. Colonizing India established a more advanced world maritime trading through the East India Company based in Calcutta thus precipitated in the spread and influence of the Ramayana to other regions of the world. The versions of the epic in theater and dance were the most popular form of educating people. Dance and theater artists performed the Ramayana in various places by conveniently traveling with traders and merchants. Talking about trade Confucius was majorly against any kind of taxes imposed on the people, contentiously prescribing the rules of propriety, teaching on eliminating the use of imposition of will, arbitrariness, stubbornness and egotism towards achieving trade of the state and believed in making profits with good plans of selling to completely overcome selfishness and keep to propriety to attain humanness. Reference: Green, A. (1997). Education, Globalization, and the Nation State. London: Macmillan Press LTD.

Free Capital Punishment Essay - Criminals Need the Death Penalty :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Essays - Criminals Need the Death Penalty Is the death penalty just? Politicians, lobbyists, philosophers, and experts from all walks of life continuously debate this controversial subject. Has any one of these individuals listened to the rest of us? The answer in many cases is no. The United States is a democracy of embodied officials, who represent the people, their wishes, beliefs and ideals. That means, through elections, we decide what policies are to be enacted. In the case of capital punishment, various polls report that seventy percent of Americans are in favor of the death sentence. That is a clear majority. So called experts are free to petition grievances and speak freely according to our constitution. But the fact of the matter is seven out of ten Americans have evaluated the dilemma of capital punishment according to their own values and beliefs. Their conclusion was favorable to the death penalty. At this juncture of time, the question of it being just was answered by the majority - and the majority rules. Many experts who speak against the death penalty cite it as barbaric. The definition of murder, according to Webster, is "the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought." Therefore an uneducated person would classify murder as equally barbaric. The mitigating factor of the death penalty is, or should be, an already established punishment for this crime. The killer willingly committed the heinous act of taking a life, knowing they would be subject to this penalty. Therefore, he decided to gamble on not being caught, or thought that he was above the law. In either case he willingly forfeited his life with the taking of another. The killer may not agree with "Lex Taliones", but the consequence of his action were obvious. While critics argue that an innocent person may be put to death, most agree this may unfortunately happen. However, we must protect the people of this country from killers, and unfortunately, short of calling in the army, we have tried all other options. Capital statutes usually allow the trial court to impose death only after a postconviction hearing, during which circumstances of the crime are reviewed. If the "aggravating" factors prevail, the case is automatically reviewed by an appellate court. The accused may also appeal the decision or request a stay of execution as he sees fit. Although the risk of an accidental death is there, the legal proceedings are in place to prevent an unwarranted death. An argument put forth by many is that the economics involved with capital punishment is irrelevant.

Carpets And Health Issues Environmental Sciences Essay

The survey aims to find the impact of wall to palisade rug in schools on the wellness of wheezing kids in the Netherlands. By concentrating on a population of diagnosed wheezing and mite allergic kids, the survey chiefly examined the concentration of Der P I – the major allergen produced by dust touchs in Europe – in both life and school environment. The consequences of the survey showed that concentration of Der P I in carpeted or non-carpeted school floors is rather low. In fact, concentration of Der P I in brooding floors is much higher than that in carpeted or non-carpeted school floors, therefore reasoning that there is no evident connexion between wall to palisade rug in schools and impairment of kids ‘s asthma symptoms. Study focused on merely one allergen as stated! Nriagu, J. , et Al. 1999. Prevalence of asthma and respiratory symptoms in South-central Durban, South Africa. European Journal of Epidemiology, 15, ( 8 ) : 747-755 The survey aims to find the prevalence of respiratory and asthma symptoms in Durban, by exhaustively questioning random portion of the population. Based on the replies given, the survey concludes that there is no evident connexion between asthma in kids and the usage of rugs. Durban is a to a great extent polluted country – people evidently consider pollution a much more important subscriber to asthma! Dieted, R. , Hedge, A. 1996. Toxicological considerations in measuring indoor air quality and human wellness: Impact of new rug emanations. Critical reappraisals in toxicology, 26, ( 6 ) :633-707 The survey provides an overview of the surveies carried out boulder clay 1996 refering toxicological impact of new rug emanations on IAQ and human wellness, with the purpose of sum uping the scientific cognition so far. Taking everything into history, the survey concludes that non merely do new rugs emit entire VOCs at really low degrees, but these emanations significantly decay and fall at hint degree within a hebdomad. Furthermore, toxicological appraisals of dominant VOCs in rug emanations indicate concentration of compounds below thresholds for toxicity. Based on the above mentioned, the survey suggests that VOC emanations from new rugs are far from presenting a wellness hazard.ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CARTETS AND ASTHMA OR ALLERGIESKrieger, J.W. , et Al. 2000. Asthma and the place environment of low-income urban kids: Preliminary findings from the Seattle – King County healthy places project. Journal of urban wellness, 77, ( 1 ) : 50-67 The survey describes how indoor environmental conditions are connected to asthma triggers among kids in a low-income urban country like Seattle/King County. Data was obtained from interviews with the caretakers of kids aged 4-12 old ages with relentless asthma life in really hapless families, while place reviews provided auxiliary information. Overall, it is proven that hapless life conditions and deficient financess create an indoor environment that favors substandard lodging, moistness and deficiency of hygiene. In such occasions, even rugs could go harmful dust reservoirs, since normally no peculiar attention is taken for their care – sometimes there is non even a vacuity cleaner available. As a affair of fact, 76.8 % of kids ‘s sleeping rooms had rugs, which due to hapless care, wet, deficient airing and accrued dust, contribute to the exposure to all kinds of asthma and allergies triggers. Makes sense! Platts-Mills, T.A. , et Al. 1996. Changing constructs of allergic disease: the effort to maintain up with existent alterations in life styles. Journal of Allergy & A ; Clinical Immunology, 98, ( 6 ) : 297-306. The survey assumes that the debut of rugs as lasting fixtures may hold affected the development of allergic reactions and asthma over the last century. That is to state, it is assumed that, while till the early 1900s rugs were on a regular basis beaten and put in storage during the summer, the innovation of vacuity cleansing agent resulted in rugs being used as lasting fixtures, without though being every bit clean as earlier. The survey besides implies that since back in the 1900s rugs were unusual in lodging of low-income households, the 1s which were owned by affluent households were unbroken clean. Premises based on historical alterations in life style! Norback, D. , et Al. 1995. Asthmatic symptoms and volatile organic compounds, methanal and C dioxide in homes. Occupational and environmental medical specialty, 52, ( 6 ) : 388-395 The survey examines the relation between symptoms of asthma, constructing features and indoor concentration of volatile organic compounds in Uppsala. The methodological analysis concerned the random choice of both wheezing and non-asthmatic objects and the review of their houses in order to mensurate room temperature, air humidness, VOCs, respirable dust, and C dioxide concentration. In add-on, all the objects underwent a series of clinical trials. Sing rugs, the consequences of the survey indicate a strong connexion between nocturnal shortness of breath and wall to palisade rug, irrespective of the objects ‘ age, sex, or smoking wonts. Furthermore, formaldehyde concentration was found to be higher in homes with wall to palisade rug, while the effects of house dust touchs and carpeting on nocturnal thorax stringency were important even when the effects of methanal and VOCs were controlled. Finally, the survey suggests that wall to palisade rugs should be avoided, since they act as terminals for assorted types of pollutants. Presence of wall to palisade rugs merely in 18 % of the homes – how dependable is that per centum? More information about the quality of the rugs would be utile! The survey indicates a strong connexion between rugs and nocturnal shortness of breath – nevertheless the extent to which this connexion leads to severe wellness hazards is non clarified. Furthermore small information is given about the province of the houses, ie clean or muffle – since merely 16 % had seeable marks of moistness, most of them sound as if they were in a good province. Since Sweden is known to be a affluent state, it could be assumed that many rugs are of new engineering – does this play any peculiar function? hypertext transfer protocol: //www.carpet-rug.org/news-room/press-releases/010830_myths.cfmMyth No. 1â€Å" There are wellness hazards associated with rug. †Truth:An extended toxicological appraisal of constituents of rug concluded that the chemicals in rug pose no wellness hazards of public concern.Mention:In 1994, Environ Corporation of Arlington, Virginia, prepared a survey, A Safety Assessment of Components of and Emissions from Carpets. The decision was: â€Å" For the chemicals identified as being present in, but non emitted from rug, there is no ground to believe that they present any wellness hazard of public concern. For chemicals identified as being from rug, no malignant neoplastic disease hazard of public wellness concern is predicted for any chemical separately, or when the predicted upper bound on hazard is added for all possible carcinogens. Similarly, no non-carcinogenic effects of public wellness concern would be anticipated. †Myth No. 2â€Å" Mold and mold can turn in rug. †Truth:Mold and mold exist ONLY where there is extra wet and soil coupled with hapless cleansing and care wonts. Mold growing can happen on any surfacefrom windowpanes to carpetthat is non decently maintained and when wet is utmost. Extinguishing beginnings of inordinate wet, such as H2O leaks, and commanding humidness greatly offset the possible for cast to turn.Mention:In a survey conducted by HOST/Racine Industries, six Florida schools were checked for indoor air jobs triggered by high humidness and decreased airing. Dust-lined, mouldy canals and plumbing leaks onto ceiling tiles allowed cast to turn and released 1000000s of spores into the air. The research supported that cast and mold are non associated with a peculiar surface, such as rug.Myth No. 3â€Å" Rug is a cause of the asthma and allergy addition. †Truth:Comparison informations from Sweden supports that there is no nexus between rug use and the incidence of asthma or allergic reactio ns. CRI is non cognizant of any published scientific research showing a nexus between rug and asthma or allergic reactions.Mention:A survey, based on historical figures for 10 old ages, was reported by scientists at the Swedish Institute of Fibre and Polymer Research. They found that while the usage of rug in Sweden had steadily decreased since 1975, the happenings of allergic reactions in the general population had increased. Carpet Usage & A ; Allergic Reactions in Sweden, 1975-1990Myth No. 4â€Å" Rug is a sink for allergy-causing substances. †Truth:This is true as stated. The critical point, nevertheless, is frequently missed. Carpet holds allergen-causing substances tightly and, as a consequence, keeps allergens from going airborne, minimising the degree of allergens in the external respiration zone. This translates to take down exposure potency. The allergens held by rugs filter-like consequence may be removed by hoovering, reviewing the filter-like belongingss of the rug to let more material to be removed from the air. Vacuuming mattresses, rug, and upholstery one time or twice a hebdomad removed allergens, including dust mite fecesa known beginning of allergen. It is of import to utilize the proper type of vacuity to minimise re-suspending allergens.Mention:InA Carpet and Airborne Allergens, A Literature Review, Dr. Alan Luedtke refers to the consequences of a survey aimed at finding the con sequence of everyday hoovering cleansing that indicate frequent vacuity cleansing over a short clip significantly reduces house dust and touch allergen degrees in rugs. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) surveies indicate the effectivity of rug in cut downing airborne atoms. This information indicates that dirt in rug is significantly reduced following cleansing. Visit CRIs web site to larn about the Green Label Vacuum Cleaner IAQ Testing Program that approves vacuity cleaner theoretical accounts that are most effectual in dirt remotion and dust containment, while maintaining rug looking good.Myth No. 5â€Å" Rug is a beginning of indoor quality ( IAQ ) jobs. †Truth:As noted antecedently, an extended toxicological appraisal of constituents of, and emanations from, rug concluded that the chemicals in rug â€Å" present no wellness hazards of public wellness concern. † Further, allergens in rug may be removed by hoovering. Vacuum cleaner machines bearing the CRI IAQ Green Label meet scientifically established criterions for dirt remotion and dust containment and aid keep good rug visual aspect.Mention:EPA/RTIA Total Building Cleanin g Effectiveness StudyA provinces, â€Å" Organized cleansing contributes to decrease of atom VOCs and biological pollutants 50 % + . † Besides referenced is the antecedently mentioned 1994 study from the Environ Corporation, Safety AssessmentA of Components of and Emissions from Rugs.Myth No. 6â€Å" Rug is more expensive and harder to keep than hard-floor surfaces. †Truth:Properly maintained rug merely needs hoovering one time or twice hebdomadal and periodic extraction cleansing. The sweeping, swabbing, depriving, waxing, and buffing that difficult surface floors demand are more arduous and dearly-won.Mention:A Building Office Managers Association ( BOMA ) survey found hard-surface floors require two-and-a-half times more one-year cleansing than rug. Consumers may bespeak CRIs brochuresA Carpet, the Educated Choice forA Schools, Carpet Maintenance for School Facilities, andA Use Life CostA Analysis for Commercial FacilitiesA to larn about the life-cycle cost analysis and the value rug delivers through heat, comfort, safety, and acoustics in the schoolroom and at place.Myth No. 7â€Å" Rug is environmentally non-sustainable. †Truth:CRI member companies, stand foring over 90 per centum of the industrys makers, have an first-class path record over the last twelve old ages of diminishing wastes produced and energy consumed, bettering the industrys sustainability.Mention:The Rug and Rug InstitutesA Sustainability Report, 2001A inside informations theA industrys environmental attempts.Myth No. 8â€Å" Rug is a major emitter of volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) . †Truth:Most new interior trappingss and edifice stuffs emit VOCs for a period of clip. Emissions from new rug are among the lowest of any families indoor trappingss, and most VOCs dissipate within 24 hourseven faster with good airing.Mention:To farther minimise other IAQ concerns, stipulate low-emitting merchandises, including CRI Green Label rug, shock absorber, and adhesive, when choosing family merchandises and trappingss.Myth No. 9â€Å" Formaldehyde is used in the production of new rug. †Truth:Formaldehyde is non used in the rug fabrication procedure. It is non emitted from new rug.Mention:An article published in 1989 in theA American Textile Chemist and ColoristsA JournalA stated that research conducted by the School of Textile Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, under Dr. Wayne Tincher and other research workers dispelled this widely-held myth. In add-on, the CRI Indoor Air Quality Testing Programs specifically monitor for formaldehyde emanation from new rug, rug shock absorber, and installing adhesives as portion of the industrys confidence to the populace of the absence of this chemical in these merchandises.Myth No. 10â€Å" Latex in rug produces allergic reactions. †Truth:The latex that holds the fibres and endorsing together in broadloom rug is man-made. Man-made latex is non associated with the allergic reactions of n atural latex, which are caused by the proteins found in natural latex.

Determinism and Its Moral Implications

Drew Lewis 11/13/11 Philosophy Determinism and its Moral Implications Q: There are powerful arguments that there is no such thing as free will. But people in ordinary life tend to presuppose there is free will when they talk about people deserving good or bad treatment, rewards and punishments. Some kinds of rewards and punishments encourage good behavior and discourage bad behavior, so those make sense even if there is no free will. But what about punishments for crimes that are impossible to deter (like crimes of passion) or rewarding talents people can’t choose to have (like Olympic medals or Nobel prizes for science)? Do these practices still make sense if there is no free will? If not, how would it make sense to change our institutions? Our entire mental state is a product of the chemical and physical properties of our neurons at any given time, and changes are produced directly by communications within the central nervous system and between the peripheral and central nervous system. To be astonished at this fact is to underestimate the design complexity and sheer number of neurons present in the body. To assert there is a magical force called free will is unfounded and illogical. Your mind is governed by the same laws which govern all other matter of which you have no control. Free will, however, remains a popular belief mainly because of its connections to religion and the perception of introspection. When we introspect it is easy to convince ourselves that there is something spiritual inside; our mind is spontaneous, indecisive, creative, and often irrational. These qualities are, for the most part, absent in robotics, which supports a widely held belief that they can’t be synthesized. Determinism simply says that the mind can be predicted like a chemical reaction can be predicted; there is nothing special about our minds which hold them above physical laws. The mind is a complicated construct, and its vast number of interactions with the environment makes it impossible to predict. The simplest computer able to accurately model exactly what will occur in the human mind would be as complex as the universe itself. Because one does not have control over the functions inside one’s own brain, and because the functions in the brain determine thought process, no one has control of their thoughts. Determinism raises a number of interesting moral questions. Determinism is an unpopular theory mostly because its conclusion is misunderstood. Determinists can agree on a type of free will, which is simply defined on an individual acting or thinking in a healthy mental state and without influence. Given this situation an individual can be said to be thinking independently. The individual, according to determinists, has no control over his thought process, but he is, by popular definition, using his free will and judgment. Even if it is intangible, the concept is none the less incredibly important. The complete rejection of free will would have devastating consequences. Without free will humans lose responsibility, and without responsibility humans lose justice, which is the purest and most righteous human construct. The theory of determinism uses logic not based on speculation, and as theories come, it is one of the most foolproof. The important question to me is how to go about recognizing the truth of determinism without allowing it to affect life negatively. No one can say for sure whether complete recognition of determinism would be a good or bad, but I believe there is an overwhelming argument that the rejection of the concept of free will would have disastrous consequences. It brings up the interesting question if it is better to know the truth about something if it has negative consequences. Though I believe strongly in determinism, I treat my actions like I have control of them. This attitude is important for my well-being for numerous reasons. If one does not have control one’s thoughts or actions, are rewards and punishments necessary or even beneficial? The answer is yes. A healthy mind needs rewards and punishments in every situation in order to grow and improve. Reinforcements increase the likelihood of an action and punishments tend to decrease the likelihood of an action. Taking away these vital signals in the brain would cause disaster for the psyche. As a child you are constantly being conditioned. It’s the reason you have the gut reaction to think for a second before making a large purchase. It’s also the reason you work hard in school or at a job. Every time you were praised for a good grade or punished for a bad one, it ingrained in your mind what is ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ which in turn influences your motivation and attitude. The more reinforcement you receive the better conditioned you are to cope with your environment. We don’t, however, learn simply from reinforcements. A lot of trial and error is saved because we can observe others and learn from them. Everyone tries to emulate those who they see being rewarded the most through a conscious or unconscious attraction to their reinforcement. These people are known to us as heroes. Inversely we also tend to try not to be like villains – those who fail to gain rewards or are excessively punished. This is why it is so important for us to reward athletes and scholars, even though they did not exhibit free will. As children, most people aspire to be firefighters, soldiers, astronauts, or police officers. More than other professions, these are people who are presented to kids as heroes. The sole purpose of rewarding heroes might have the trivial goal of rewarding their good deeds, however it also has the noble effect of inspiring others to emulate them. By taking away the benefit of prestige, excellence fails to stand out from mediocrity. In psychology there is a subject called attribution. It is the study of what people attribute their experiences to. Some people blame themselves for things, and therefore are called internal attributers (as opposed to external attributers). If a person believes that their experiences can be manipulated they are called dynamic attributers (as opposed to static attributers). In order to truly believe that your experience is a result of your actions and that you can also change those actions, you must also believe in a form of free will. Without free will you could not change your actions, nor can you be held accountable for them. Psychology has shown that people who attribute their experiences internally and dynamically are less likely to suffer from depression than all other attribution types. In addition to depression many other types of psychological disorders such as mania are thought to be caused by static and external attribution. Free will is a defining theme in the punishment/reform debate dealing with prisons. If free will isn’t real the American prison system should operate solely for the purpose of reform and the isolation of those determined to be a danger to society. Without free will, punishment is trivial except for its uses as a reformation tool and as a deterrent to those thinking of committing a crime. In the case of life in prison or the death sentence there is no possibility for rehabilitation. If a prisoner couldn’t be rehabilitated using a reasonable amount of resources, a determinist may accept the benefits of a life sentence or death penalty. Life sentences and death sentences are considered positive because they keep people who are dangerous isolated from those they could harm, while simultaneously serving as a warning to others to prevent them from committing acts which could prove them dangerous. It is hard, when comparing the life sentence with the death penalty, which is worse. Whichever causes the least harm to the individual in question would be the best option. I personally believe it is more humane to end a human’s life painlessly (and as soon after conviction as possible) than to keep them locked in a cell until they die slowly of disease. It is likely that our ancestors were predisposed to the idea of free will and were favored because of it. The concept of free will gives you more motivation to hand down reinforcement, whether it is positive or negative, to those around you. It also helps you accept reinforcement from others. The concept of free will is a powerful force that keeps societies working correctly. Our entire legal and social system is based on the concept of free will. Everything in society is interlocking, so if we try to change society to fit the new idea that free will is irrelevant we will find inconsistencies and injustice until a solution is found in a stable society not based on the recognition of free will. Societal upheaval would be ridiculous because it wouldn’t accomplish anything. Judgment using free will is second nature to us as humans. When asked about Hitler, a Holocaust survivor, even a determinist one, wouldn’t say, ‘He did terrible things but it wasn’t his fault because he has no control over what happens in his rain. ’ Determinist ideals can only go so far before they become eclipsed by human emotion; therefore it would be ill advised to try to change society to fit the new theory. As you can see, the theory of determinism has many interesting theoretical implications, but very little actual applications. Its theoretical implications could be the most important, however. Combined with nihilism a nd agnosticism, it forms a rounded view of the universe which is grounded in science and reason without confusion from religion or human emotion. I believe that if philosophers can pursue this track of thought, devoid of spirituality and belief, philosophers can finally make progress in finding real answers. Determinism is still widely misunderstood. I was surprised how many of my classmates did not understand even the basic principles after spending time learning about it. The challenge philosophy faces is to present determinism, and other theories like it in a way which people can relate without losing the true meaning.

Fashion Selling Promotion Report Essays

Fashion Selling Promotion Report Essays Fashion Selling Promotion Report Essay Fashion Selling Promotion Report Essay The adage, Better late than never has really turned out to be true for fashion industry. Fashion brands, until very recently, had clearly abstained from social media, except for sales and promotion purposes. For them, social media had always been a weakening aspect, which would create a distance between their products and the target consumers. However, the reality is quite different. Followed by the social media exposure, fashion insiders found it as a bridge that actually narrowed down the chasm. . For those in the fashion Industry, who have not yet boarded the social media ship that rides to the shore of success, heres a leaf out of the books of those, who already have and made it big: ;. Images, images and more images: Particularly for the fashion industry, visuals on social media can get you that much sought after marketing and sales boost. In fact, a cleverly chosen image can beat 1 000 tweets or a million Likes worth of the visibility in the world of social media. So go for more and more visually aided ad-campaigns, especially utilizing a slew Of visual content based social media platforms such as Pinsetters, Mainstream and Tumble. A bonus: According to Subtropical, 74% of consumers rely on social media to make any purchase decisions. Different customer, different products: Every social media platform differentiates itself in terms of the segment of he users. So one must use discretion and keep in mind the kind of user segment on one of each of these social media platforms to showcase their products or advertise on the concerned channels. For instance, Twitter is full of tech-users while Backbone is for everyone, so your odds of effectively publicizing tech-gadgetry on Twitter are better than that on Backbone. Capitalize on the customers fantasies: An effective social media sales and marketing campaign by a fashion brand doesnt only push its products or services but also tells their target audience a story, to which they are able to relate. So, understand their dreams, hand them the means to realize them and they will pay you an obscenely huge figure for it. : Make your customers your brand ambassador: In line with the latest trends of social media marketing, you can play with the idea of making your fans sell your brand. Feature your fans in your adverts and you will build a bigger fan base, star-struck with the dreams of being featured by their preferred brand. Instead Of hiring Someone already famous, make your fans the Stars of your brand and you will get all of the desired visibility and sales figures crunching. ;. Keep a track of the social media trends: Everyone worships the rising sun. Choose the social media platforms you want to paint in your colors wisely. The industry is extremely volatile and what today might be the most happening place to be on the Internet; may not be anywhere close to popular tomorrow. Whatever it is, you surely want to cash in on the huge influx of users who appear on it overnight, as the word spreads. So watch the popularity trends closely.

Introducing Women in Shakespeares Plays

Introducing Women in Shakespeares Plays Shakespeare’s presentation of women in his plays demonstrates his feelings about women and their roles in society. As our guide to the types of female roles in Shakespeare demonstrates, women had less freedom than their male counterparts in Shakespeares time. Its well known that women werent allowed on the stage during Shakespeares active years. All of his  famous female roles like Desdemona and Juliette were in fact once played by men. Shakespeares Presentation of Women Women in Shakespeares plays are often underestimated.  While they were clearly restricted by their social roles, the Bard showed how women could influence the men around them. His plays showed the difference in expectations between upper and lower class women of the time. High-born women are presented as â€Å"possessions† to be passed between fathers and husbands. In most cases, they are socially restricted and unable to explore the world around them without chaperones. Many of these women were coerced and controlled by the men in their lives. Lower-born women were allowed more freedom in their actions precisely because they are seen as less important than higher-born women.   Sexuality in Shakespeares work Broadly speaking, female characters that sexually aware are more likely to be lower class. Shakespeare allows them more freedom to explore their sexuality, perhaps because their low-status renders them socially harmless. However, women are never totally free in Shakespeare’s plays: if not owned by husbands and fathers, many low-class characters are owned by their employers. Sexuality or desirability can also lead to deadly consequences  for Shakespeares women. Desdemona chose to follow her passion and defied her father to marry Othello. This passion is later used against her when the villainous Iago convinces her husband that if she would lie to her father she would lie to him as well. Wrongfully accused of adultery, nothing Desdemona says or does is enough to convince Othello of her faithfulness. Her boldness in choosing to defy her father ultimately leads to her death at the hands of her jealous lover. Sexual violence also plays a major role in some of the Bards work. This is seen most notably in Titus Andronicus where the character Lavinia is violently raped and mutilated. Her attackers cut out her tongue and remove her hands to prevent her from naming her attackers. After she is able to write their names her father then kills her to preserve her honor. Women in Power Women in power are treated with distrust by Shakespeare. They have questionable morals. For example, Gertrude in Hamlet marries her husband’s murdering brother and Lady Macbeth coerces her husband into murder. These women show a lust for power thats often on par or surpassing that of the men around them. Lady Macbeth especially is seen as a conflict between the masculine and feminine. She forgoes normal feminine traits like  motherly compassion for more masculine ones like ambition, which leads to the ruin of her family. For these women, the penalty for their scheming ways is normally death.   For a deeper understanding of Shakespeares women read our guide to the types of female characters in Shakespeare.

10 High Paying Jobs For People That Really Hate Stress

10 High Paying Jobs For People That Really Hate Stress Nearly everybody needs to work. But sometimes we think that in order to make decent money, we have to work slavish hours, answer emails at any time of night, and sacrifice all semblance of a personal life. It’s called â€Å"work† for a reason, right? But what if that were not the case? It is possible to get a low-stress, fairly easy job that pays well. Most require some advanced education, but there are plenty out there that are attainable with only a bachelor’s degree and some finesse. Start planning for how you’ll land yours and stop stressing!Here are 10 of the best low-stress, high paying jobs.1. OrthodontistThis is definitely a career path for which you’ll have to get some serious schooling- at least four years of dental school and a year or two of residency training. But the average annual salary is over $196k and the stress is relatively low. Put in the work early on, and reap the benefits later!2. EconomistYou might think the economy is a st ressful thing, but the theory probably less so than the practice. You can get started in this field with just a bachelor’s degree, and the average pay is just over $100k per year.3. Video Game PlayerNo really, this is a job. You won’t get benefits, but you don’t need any special education, plus it’s fun. Test out new games and make around $50k while you’re at it.4. Power Plant OperatorPaging Homer Simpson. You might be horrified to find out that this job requires only a vocational degree. Though it really only involves the flipping of switches- and you get lots of training (and donuts) on the job. The average pay is around $73k per year.5. Massage TherapistIf you have strong hands and like to help people, then you could make around $51k per year massaging people. And in creating a de-stressing environment for them, you won’t be able to help but de-stress yourself. You only need a certificate to start.6. OptometristKind of along the same line s as orthodontist, this job is fairly stress-free as the medical profession goes. You’ll have to do some studying, and learn all there is to know about eyes, but you can make up to $125k per year.7. Personal TrainerLike to work out? Like to watch other people working out even more? Don’t mind spending your time in the gym? Get yourself certified, show up in your sweatpants, and start raking in the cash. The median annual salary for personal trainers is around $55k.8. ActuaryEver wonder who assesses financial costs of risk for companies? Get yourself a bachelor’s degree and pass a few certification exams, and it could be you. The stress is relatively low and you can make an average annual salary of over $107k.9. Art DirectorNot so great with the STEM fields? Have a good eye for visuals and a savvy for design? Then all you need is a bachelor’s degree and some experience to start helping different media look better put together. Average annual salary is well over $96k.10. StatisticianLove math? Make an average salary of over $83k per year for collecting and analyzing data and numbers in a variety of fields- just you and your nerdiness and peace and quiet. Only trouble is, you might need a graduate degree. But once you have it, you’ll have it made in the stress-free shade.

Please write a 2,5003,000 word research paper incorporating MLA Essay

Please write a 2,5003,000 word research paper incorporating MLA documented information from the five primary sources you have abstracted that evaluates an Amer - Essay Example We are the microcosm of the culture that shaped and is shaping our lives. Although we exhibit our own culture everyday through our actions and thinking, it is hard to talk about or explain it because it already seem second-nature to us. For example, Americans celebrate Independence Day to commemorate the end of war and oppression, celebrate Thanksgiving with roasted turkey, and celebrate Halloween with kids going door to door for the "trick or treat" - all these are part of the American tradition. Americans are also pro-democracy, and will go to a great extent to fight against tyranny. These traditions and beliefs all seem very natural to an average American that most go about them without question or resistance. They are just the way they are, and they represent the status quo. Our culture defines and dominates us as result of a lifetime of socialization through many cultural institutions (Pearce, 1999). Socialization is important for a culture to survive, so it can pass itself from one generation to the next generation. A culture needs to perpetuate itself and preserve the society and its identity, and it does this by conditioning its members that the culture is natural, normal, good and in their best interests (Pearce, 1999). Children are sociChildren are socialized by their parents or caretakers to behave in a way that is pleasing and socially acceptable. At an early age, they are subjected to authority, to control, to conformity, according to society's beliefs and practices. In the same principle, teenagers follow the same socialization process but modelling from friends and peer groups rather than from parents. Women too have been socialized to act, think and feel as second-class citizens by the generally paternalistic society, although the advent of feminism is slowly changing this. Lastly, poor people and the ethnic minorities have also been socialized to feel and believe that they are economically and culturally inferior compared to the dominant educated, affluent majority. In our lifetime, we are exposed to many different cultural institutions such as schools, churches, the media, the arts, and others. These institutions shape the way we think and the way we communicate. We conform to social conventions that were thought to us by these institutions. Conventions can be any commonly agreed forms of behavior, dress, art, literature or film, etc (Pearce, 1999). For instance, we label a girl who wears a miniskirt, a cleavage-revealing top, high heels and full make up, as a slut. We do so because there is a common understanding in our society about how a slut should dress, and we agree to that understanding. Since childhood we have been conditioned to understand how the world of adults is like. Parents give their children toys that actually are smaller versions of adult objects such as playhouses, dolls, cars, kitchen utensils, appliances, toy guns and many more. All these toys, with the exception of educational toys, mean something and they all present to the child how modern adult life is played (Barthes, 1954). The toys are conditioning and preparing children to accept adult life, and not merely entertaining them. For instance, girls are given dolls and playhouses to play with, which is in fact a way of

Internet TV Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Internet TV - Assignment Example Although NBC currently offers internet TV services, they are not much effective in inviting viewers’ attention. By designing potential online business models between NBC and internet providers, the company (NBC) can attain notable achievements in the internet TV sector. In addition, business alliance with internet providers would assist the NBC to provide its customers with cheap rate internet connections for TV sets. Forecasts indicate that the practice of internet video broadcasting to TV sets is likely to increase over the coming years (Over the top TV, p.9). As Lauden and Traven (2012) state, smart phones and tablets will be the primary platform for internet access in the near future (slide 3-15). Therefore, it is advisable for the firm to develop adequate competencies to strengthen its position in the field of internet video broadcasting. It is obvious that the NBC has a set of competitive internal management strengths and a range of potential resources to fuel its televi sion broadcasting network. As a result, it would be easy for the organization to choose potential internet TV programs and to avail them to its millions of viewers. Since a notable majority of the US people possess PCs, it is specifically advisable for the company to use the ‘PC connected to TV’ method to promote its internet TV operations. ... Currently, the firm faces stiff competition from its market rivals like Bell TV. In order to address such competition threats, it is recommendable for the company to enter the internet TV market because the popularity of internet is rapidly growing in the Canadian market. Today, internet services are provided to individuals at cheaper rates (Lauden & Traver, 2012- slide 3-22). Therefore, the idea of internet TV would be affordable and convenient for customers. In Canada, the number of people watching movies via VCRs and DVD players has declined noticeably. At the same time, a CTAM Canada survey (as cited in The Hollywood reporter, 2012) report reflects that Canadian youngsters (between the ages 18-39) are interested to view more web content than television. This survey report points to the potential opportunities of ‘over- the- top television’ (frontier model) in the country. In this context, it is advisable for Rogers TV to find some potential ways to transfer internet video to the TV. Both PC based and lightweight set-top box based internet video broadcasting are recommendable for the company. Undoubtedly, this business model would benefit the organization to generate more revenues from young people. Although this change may cause the company to lose some elder customers, the firm will be the net winners. Bell Canada Bell Canada is a Canadian media company headquartered in Montreal. Obviously, Bell Canada also depends more on the traditional TV distribution model and hence the company has a little presence in the internet TV sector. As compared to its main competitor Rogers, the Bell Canada has more potential growth opportunities. To illustrate, as Sturgeon (2012) points out, the

Impact of Music Education and Issues Stopping its Implementation Research Paper

Impact of Music Education and Issues Stopping its Implementation - Research Paper Example Music may be used to inform, express a sentiment, and entertain. Through music education, there are a lot of things that individuals have enjoyed. Elimination of music education in schools’ programs has negatively affected the society both in the present and the long run. Many reasons such as lack of funds; have contributed to its elimination in school programs and the society should look at the issue of the impacts of music, and what is stopping its implementation in order to bring it back to school programs. It has been discovered that music programs in schools help in exposing pupils and students to life (Olson, 1996). However, although music education has positive effects, it also has negative effects. Primary sources such as conduction of surveys of individuals in the field of teaching, and secondary sources such as books, periodicals, articles, and journals will be used in the study. Problem statement Music has contributed a lot in schools and society at large since it h elps students to gaining understanding of the things that they expect in life. Through music education, one acquires information that he did not have, and in another way, he is entertained. This implies that music education plays an important role in the life of students in the functioning of the brain in relation to academics. However, music education has not been taken seriously during incorporation in many school programs or by teachers all over the world due to different reasons, which will be discussed in this paper. This assignment is going to focus on the impacts of music education and the issues stopping its implementation. Objectives of the Study This assignment is going to be performed for the following two reasons: 1. To determine what are the effects of music on overall development of the brain including academics. 2. To find out why music education is not taken seriously by educators and the reasons for withholding the implementation of music education permanently by th e educators. Effects of Music on Overall Development of the Brain Different researches that have been conducted show that there is a connection between music and the brain. Different individuals have different opinions regarding the different styles of music and their effect on the mind. However, different individuals have concluded that classical music improves the ability of an individual’s thinking while rock music improves an individual’s brain power. Some researchers are of the opinion that listening to Mozart by children enhances their thinking ability (Piro &Ortiz, 2009). Another effect of music is that it improves concentration, which is necessary for studying (NAFME, 2012). For example, the Mozart piece soothes the mind thus increasing focus during studying or helps one to acquire concentration when carrying out a task (Lu, n.d.). According to opinion reached by several researchers, music creates concentrating in performing a task by blocking external noise an d creating a background noise, which is beneficial in carrying out the task (Hodges, n.d.). Different researchers have studied the Mozart effect and have come to a conclusion that; listening to Mozart before testing improves temporal reasoning on standardized tests while listening to Mozart at the time of testing can cause neural competition; by inferring with the brain’

The Issue of Security in the Country Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Issue of Security in the Country - Assignment Example The reason is with the advanced technology and varying media fraternities that discuss the security issues in a given country, it is difficult for a country to conceal its security status to the world. One developing country that is currently scaring tourists from visiting its country is Kenya. There have been various terror attacks that have been consequent making tourists afraid of visiting the country as they used to (Obadiah, Nicholas and Josephine 23). The clients in this scenario are the government institutions who try to come up with means of curbing the situation in the country. The issue of security has affected the economic sector of the country. As a result, the government of the country has approached the issue by even employing other security officials including the cabinet secretary of security (Obadiah, Nicholas and Josephine 23). This move is aimed at reviving the current issue of security to ensure that tourists can feel safe to tour the country in large numbers like they used to. To curb the current security threat in the country, the country needs to come up with better and creative strategies that will see its tourism sector revert back to normal. One of them includes placing various security officials, who are well trained and better motivated, in all tourist hot spots in the country. Moreover, they should create awareness on the individuals living in the country to ensure that they report crime offenders because most of the individuals who pose a security threat in the country are well known by other individuals. They should ensure that they report them even if they are their friends or relatives to ensure that their security and that of others visiting the country is guaranteed.  

Foreign Policy Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Foreign Policy Analysis - Case Study Example The policy makers viewed the decision of the US to invade Iraq as a preemptive decision based on its interests rather than the safeguard of international security and peace . The sates held that the American government aimed to broaden its notion of self-defense regardless of the state of the international security. Therefore, many states such as France and Germany did not support the war against Iraq. The international society viewed war as the last resort, and posed challenges to the US to demonstrate whether it had pursued the possible peaceful options specifically for the disarmament of Iraq . For instance, the president of France Jacques Chirac claimed that war is an admission of defeat as is the worst of the solutions. He added that states must pursue all the avenues to avoid war. As evidenced, the French leaders also condemned the preemptive war against Iraq but maintained that the disarmament of Iraq can be peaceful. For instance, Dominique de Villepin, the French Foreign Min ister held a view that Iraq can be disarmed through peaceful ways.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   B2Due to the self-interests of Germany and France concerning the oil and construction industries, they opted for the support of the ultimatum of the UK/US. Further, they offered support to the war to disarmer Iraq because of the geopolitical factors such as the expressed wish of the elites to create the independent defenses and foreign polices from NATO . Moreover, the interests. For instance, the Foreign Minister of German Joschka Fischer warned.

Behavioral Characteristics Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Behavioral Characteristics - Article Example He wanted to stop commercial interests that are busily destroying embryos in order to obtain stem cells. If this conduct amounts to murder as he contends there is nothing to stop the evil act. Most scientists agree that while adult stem cells offer hope of a cure for some of the cruelest diseases and injuries, embryonic stem cells hold even greater and surer promise. But this greater and surer promise should not drive mankind to madly believe that there is nothing to stop him from terrorizing the world as stem cell research would one day create a man that would defy even death and become indestructible. Hate Sites There are hate sites, Web sites that are very disturbing to browse. Web sites that ridicule African Americans, Jews, gays, immigrants and others, but some took it a few steps further by combining bigotry with articles about guns, bombs and other implements of violence. Others were designed deliberately to shock, with displays of swastikas, burning crosses and nooses. One si te mixes hate with stories and photographs that celebrate sex and violence in the most extreme way imaginable. The people who run hate sites don't usually put up even a feeble effort to keep out children. On the contrary, some overtly invite children and teens to participate. Many have music graphics and rhetoric designed to appeal to teens. Children or teenagers who grow browsing these hate sites will become perverted at an early age which is dangerous to the humankind. Racism It is insensitive and unwise because any satisfaction that racism gives to the students who display racist symbols is far outweighed by the discomfort it causes to many others. They must have known that they would upset many fellow students and ignore the decent regard for the feelings of others so essential to building and preserving a strong and harmonious community. No community will become humane and caring by restricting what its members can say. The worst offenders will simply find other ways to irritat e and insult. In talking with students, the faculty members should seek to educate and persuade, rather than resort to ridicule or intimidation, recognizing that only persuasion is likely to produce a lasting, beneficial effect. Through such efforts, an educational institution can help create a truly understanding, supportive community. Otherwise students will become young offenders. Hate Speech Hate speech is a speech that disparages a person or a group on the basis of some characteristic such as race, gender, ethnicity, nationality, religion, sexual orientation, or other characteristic and this may incite violence or prejudicial action against or by a protected individual or group, or because it disparages or intimidates a protected individual or group. Kenneth Lake thinks that the first ever online’ hate speech’ trial will have drastic consequences for free speech on the Internet. â€Å"I personally will make it my life career to find and kill every one of you pers onally† signed Asian Hater, the words of an email message that is to have serious consequences for Internet freedom. They were written by Richard Machdo, a Los Angeles man who was convicted last Tuesday (10/2/98) of sending racist death threats to 59 Asian students. The email accused Asians for the all crimes on campus, and suggested that Machado would personally â€Å"find†, â€Å"hunt down† and â€Å"kill† them if they did not leave the University of California at Irvine. The email was sent from a campus computer and signed â€Å"Asian Hater†. Hate speech rouses unnatural hatred of the members of one people or community for the members of another resulting in civil right violations that would take its toll on world peace. Animal Testing Experiments on animals, with a view to

Foreign Policy Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Foreign Policy Analysis - Case Study Example The policy makers viewed the decision of the US to invade Iraq as a preemptive decision based on its interests rather than the safeguard of international security and peace . The sates held that the American government aimed to broaden its notion of self-defense regardless of the state of the international security. Therefore, many states such as France and Germany did not support the war against Iraq. The international society viewed war as the last resort, and posed challenges to the US to demonstrate whether it had pursued the possible peaceful options specifically for the disarmament of Iraq . For instance, the president of France Jacques Chirac claimed that war is an admission of defeat as is the worst of the solutions. He added that states must pursue all the avenues to avoid war. As evidenced, the French leaders also condemned the preemptive war against Iraq but maintained that the disarmament of Iraq can be peaceful. For instance, Dominique de Villepin, the French Foreign Min ister held a view that Iraq can be disarmed through peaceful ways.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   B2Due to the self-interests of Germany and France concerning the oil and construction industries, they opted for the support of the ultimatum of the UK/US. Further, they offered support to the war to disarmer Iraq because of the geopolitical factors such as the expressed wish of the elites to create the independent defenses and foreign polices from NATO . Moreover, the interests. For instance, the Foreign Minister of German Joschka Fischer warned.

Managing Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing Change - Essay Example With the countless number of organizations worldwide, companies continue to invest on research and development for their organizations to change their perspective and obtain their goals. It is true that the only eminent thing in this world is change. People adapt, submit or contradict with change. There are many implications that we encounter when change occurs; management must view matters seriously and make critical decisions for the organization’s sustainability. The objectives of this paper is to thoroughly look into Theory E and Theory O in terms of managing change, to provide a bird’s eye view of the differences and other key notable details that help organizations transition smoothly (Johnson, pp. 39-44, 2002). It will also discuss how Theory E and Theory O can aid top management at making critical decisions and providing a detailed analysis of these two approaches to change. The scope of this paper will be focus on the experience of organizations that fostered these two approaches, how have companies and organizations come to employ either or both theories but not only limited to these. The flow of the paper will start with a brief description of each theory including its characteristics and the key differences of both theories in the field of management. Based on a new research, Theory E and O were relatively new findings as researchers (Cummings, pp. 23-25, 2008) have observed various companies practicing either Theory E or O or both of them. There are many approaches used in managing change; however, ‘Michael Beer’ and ‘Nitin Nohria’ are two researchers who have successfully identified two types of change theories that may have geared management in change initiative (Hoelbeche, pp. 151-154, 2006). As recent studies showed, researchers have identified two types of approaches commonly used by management in initiating change. The first approach is Theory E, referred to as

Bayer case2 Essay Example for Free

Bayer case2 Essay Supply chain factors must also be taken into account in the decision-making if substantial capacity changes are involved – like reintroducing Bayer Aspirin. Key questions include: What impact will the changes have on suppliers, warehousing, transportation, and distributors? If capacity will be increased, will these elements of the supply chain be able to handle the increase? Conversely, if capacity is to be decreased, what impact will the loss in business have on these elements of the supply chain? Finally, customer and public opinion is very crucial to consider during decision-making. Will they still accept the new reintroduced product as before? What would be the common sentiments of the people regarding the possible decision? In evaluating alternatives during decision-making, a manager must consider both quantitative and qualitative aspects. Quantitative analysis usually reflects economic factors, and qualitative considerations include intangibles such as public opinion and personal preferences of managers. Thus, in deciding for the Bayer Aspirin case, is not solely dependent on economic factors because these are not the only things that would be affected when changes are being implemented. As an organization, Bayer should draw out what are the quantitative and qualitative considerations at hand, in order to come up with efficient and effective decisions for their company. 4. ) In what ways is Aspirin Brand valuable for Bayer? When aspirin first appeared in the spring of 1899 in a handful of articles in a few German medical journals, the author introduced it without fanfare as a serviceable substitute for the salicylic acid and sodium salicylate that had been in use for more than twenty years to treat rheumatic disorders. Aspirin reduced fever and inflammation quickly, but more importantly it did not appear to have an ill effect on the stomach. Side effects were minimal, so patients tolerated it quite well and they did not rebel against the treatment. The doctors who tested it and the company that manufactured it therefore recommended the drug as a promising anti-rheumatic medication and no doubt expected respectable profits from its use in this modest market. No one, however, apparently anticipated that in less than two decades this new compound would become the manufacturers best-selling medicine and the worlds most widely used drug (a distinction it still holds), not so much because of its role in treating rheumatism but because of its effectiveness in managing minor pain, especially headaches. And by the time Aspirins overall popularity was apparent, it was also apparent that it had achieved this exalted status not simply because of its considerable medical merits but also because of the deliberate business policies and practices of its manufacturer, the Farbenfabriken vormals Friedrich Bayer und Companie of Elberfeld, Germany, or simply known as Bayer. Headquartered in Leverkusen, Germany, Bayer is involved in 20 different business units that research, develop and manufacture products in the life sciences, polymers and specialty chemicals areas. Considered as the â€Å"jewel† at the very center of the Bayer crown, Aspirin is more than just a brand name that Bayer acquired. It is without question the most successful over-the-counter drug in history. In fact, 1999 marked the 100th anniversary of Aspirin, it is still the number two analgesic drug in the world with net sales in 1998 of DM1. 1 billion (US$654. 8 million). Only Tylenol exceeds ASPIRIN in sales, but 95% of Tylenols sales are in the US; in the rest of the world, Bayer is still number one (Buchanan and Merker, 2002). As a brand, its popularity is undeniable around the world. Exhibit 3 shows that the market of Aspirin covers 90 countries. At present, Bayer Aspirin is a family of well-known brands and products, which includes Childrens ASPIRIN ®, ASPIRINProtect ®, ASPIRIN Direct ®, ASPIRIN+C ®, and many others. All are geared for specific uses such as cough and cold, headache and pain, stroke and heart attack prevention. Many have unique delivery systems such as granules, effervescent tablets, and chewable forms. Of the US$654. 8 million in total worldwide net sales of all Aspirin products in 1998, US$37. 5 million (5. 8%) came from the sale of Childrens ASPIRIN ®. In reality, Aspirin as brand propelled Bayer’s success all throughout its history. By promoting Aspirin (not acetylsalicylic acid), Bayer had foreseen that the brand name would be so firmly entrenched in the medical community that when the patent expired, rival manufacturers of ASA would be unable to compete in the American market. True enough that by 1909, Aspirin accounted for 31% of Bayers US sales. Although Bayer continues to hold a trademark on the brand name in many countries of the world, it had once lost that right in several key countries like the United States. Bayer trademark was lost initially in the US at the end of World War I to Sterling Drug, Inc. as the result of the US governments retaliatory practice of confiscating and then auctioning off the property of German companies with holdings in the United States. It wasnt until 1994, 76 years after the expropriation of the trademark Bayer Aspirin, that Bayer Group finally reacquired the brand. According to the Bayer Website, Bayer continues to look for new possibilities for Aspirin, being considered as the miracle or wonder drug. In 1988, Australian epidemiologist Professor G. Kune discovered that people who took Aspirin had a 40% lower incidence of colon cancer than those who did not. Later, a number of studies, including a large-scale study conducted by the American Cancer Society, confirmed that Aspirin is indeed effective in preventing colon cancer. According to one estimate, Aspirin inhibits cell mutation, a theory that paves the way for future research and the promise of new developments. Research is also being conducted into Aspirins effects on Alzheimers Disease and diabetes. Thus, Aspirin’s value for Bayer do not just depend on the brand name itself, but all its hidden potentials that could benefit all sick people because of its low price and time-tested usefulness. 5. ) How is the pharmaceutical market and the market for Aspirin evolving? Is it to the advantage or disadvantage of pharmaceutical companies? Originally prescribed for rheumatic disorders, aspirin has come a long way of just adrug marketed to reduce fever and inflammation quickly. As a drug, aspirin not only has the properties of an analgesic or painkiller, it is also an antipyretic (anti-fever), an anti-inflammatory and an anti-platelet (see Table 1). The first three qualities make it a headache, cold, and flu medication, but it is the fourth quality that makes Aspirin a preventive medication. Interestingly, the anti-platelet effects of aspirin occur at a surprisingly low dosage: 30-50 mg. or so, and Children’s ASPIRIN is one of the lowest dose aspirin products on the market. It also happens to be the cheapest among the ASPIRIN family of products. The significance of these two characteristics gave Children’s ASPIRIN a new market, as doctors around the world started recommending and prescribing Children’s ASPIRIN to their middle-aged patients as a means of prevention.

Computational Design and Management in Pharmaceuticals

Computational Design and Management in Pharmaceuticals Computational design and management in pharmaceuticals Liu Sui Abstract: Throughout the years since the computer was first developed, the computer has become required and indispensable in modern society. Significant scientific usage of computers has spread throughout all the sciences, including pharmaceutical science. In pharmaceuticals, usage has become an essential tool for the whole drug development process, from initiation of lead searching to finding the best fit, to finding toxicity. This paper will give an overview on how computers are used in the field of computational drug design. The development of computers is a short but exciting history. Looking back at this short history, it perfectly illustrates the intelligence and grittiness of mankind. Since the invention of electronic intelligence, this industry has been growing at an amazing pace. From the technical point of view, computers have changed a huge amount since ENIAC in 1946 to the modern day Intel and ARM architectures permeating our life (Bellis). Computers have changed their role from supercomputer being used for big companies and organizations to the personal computer that exists in just about every household, in one way or another. IT companies have also changed from marketing huge computers to marketing tiny computers to be used in the household, that synchronize with the fast speeds of the modern internet. In 1946, ENIAC was co-operated by the U.S. government and the University of Pennsylvania department of computer science (Goldstine). Features of this first generation of computers were that oper ating instructions were prepared for a specific task, and each machine had its own different mechanical languages. This generation of computers had very limited functionality and slow processing speed. Nonetheless, in less than 60 years, computers have become tools that are used by many different fields of study to enhance their overall value. The rapid development of computer technology has led to a massive expansion of computer-related applications in the pharmaceutical industry. From the local computer system-based assistance, to the inevitable development of network-based assistance, usage of computer networks has become an inevitable trend. Both the computer industry and the pharmaceutical industry influence each other, and the combination of penetration, has and will continue to impact the operating mode of pharmacy. Management and technical decisions made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹today within the pharmaceutical industry can be combined with the development of computer technology. All pharmacy workers should be aware of this and any future developments. In recent decades, due to the application of computers in pharmaceutical technology, many important achievements have been achieved. Since antiquity, humans have built many tools to physically extend their physical capabilities such as the wheel, the pulley, and the vehicle. On comparison, creating devices to extending mental capability, such as the abacus, calculator, and computer, has also been a great human achievement. Computers are unlike any other tools in which they can replace human labor under pre-programed condition for an indefinite duration. An item only becomes useful for society depending on its function, where computers have many unique features to make them ideal for society: †¢ Computers have incredible calculation ability. †¢ Computers have a huge memory, in order to go through large data sets The CPU and GPU of a computer have the ability to perform billions of complicated math operations per second. In terms of the pharmaceutical technology industry, this huge processing speed is vital for the complex mathematical operations required of this emerging discipline, such as calculating pharmacy finances, calculation and maintaining of pharmaceutical inventory, all the way to calculating drug and other protein formulas, determining the computational drug metabolism and its related pharmacokinetics computing, and pharmaceutical pattern recognition. Many computer-based programs have been developed and continue being improved to fill the huge needs of this industry. In the developmental stage of drug design, to search for drugs that possess the lowest energy in chemical structure can take a very long time, and is hard to do. Many people may question why do we need to calculate the lost energy possibility structure, and this question cannot be answered in one simple sentence. In chemistry, each element is giving a symbol. Molecular formulas use these elemental symbols to show substantive (whether it’s an element or a molecular compound) composition of molecules and their relative molecular weight. Chemical formulas are widely used to present chemicals and chemical reaction. In nature, many drugs have different chemical formula, but at the same time, some compounds that have the exact same molecular formula may not be the same compounds; these compounds are called isomers. Isomers have same chemical formula but different atomic arrangement, and the cause of isomers is the change of order between atoms or groups. One type of isomers is called constitutional isomer. For example, ethanol and methoxymethane both have the chemical formula of C2H6O, but ethanol has an alcohol group, and methoxymethane has an ether function group (figure 1) Figure 1: chemical formula of ethanol and methoxymethane. This is where the software, Gaussian, becomes an invaluabl e part of pharmaceutical chemistry. Gaussian and its related software, Gaussview, are used to search for conformation amongst molecules. Stereoisomers have the molecular atom and group connected to each other in the same order but have different spatial arrangements. Many people may ask why we should care about the spatial arrangements. To answer this question, we need to think about molecules in terms of Classical Physics versus Quantum Physics. In chemistry, each chemical bond contains potential energy. The higher energy level the compounds bonds at, the less stable the compounds becomes. To make a more stable compound is a goal for many chemists because stable compounds have less of a chance to be decomposed, and in nature, many natural products being produced are those in their lowest energy states. The Classical Mechanics approach is mainly used for study of macroscopic objects in slow to stationary motion. Through studying the measureable movements through experiments, chemica ls’ optimal nuclear positions can be found, and the lowest energy state can be found through graphing. However, in chemistry, all chemical bonds are in constant vibration and the ability to study the energy state of electron distribution is more useful for finding the lowest possible energy state. The optimal distribution of electron can be done by quantum mechanics. To think of energy as waves in the ocean, the lowest possible position is actually quite hard to find. It is possible to find some bumps, but these might not be the lowest points. To find the lowest energy points, huge amounts of calculation are needed. At this point, computers become essential. By inputting atomic coordinates, model chemistry and basis set into the software, Gaussian, the software will do the rest of the calculations and provide correct output including atomic coordinates, energy, and a wave function. The wave function can be further interpreted into molecular orbitals, partial charges, electros tatic potential surface, chemical shifts, bond orders, and spin densities. In order to find all these information, a high degree of accuracy is required. However, computers only have a certain amount of accuracy: they can only simulate continuous functions and numbers up to a finite point, leading to an accuracy problem. In general, most chemistry calculations have a certain degree of error that is allowed as long as the relative error in within the sufficient acceptable error range. Theoretically, the precision of calculation by computer is unlimited, but in practicality, most only go as far as a certain amount. Beyond building a drug at its lowest energy state, or find a drug’s real conformation with incredible speed and accuracy, the huge data storage and memory capacity allow for huge amounts of library research. There are huge online drug repositories (both public and private) for researchers and scientists to search for their targeted drug. During the drug development phase, the first part of any research is to screen for lead compounds and modify these lead compounds to make them work on human biology. Because there are literally millions of compounds available to start from, how should one most efficiently find the compound desired? The answer is through computational lead compound search. Computers will input parameters given and search for lead compounds that fit the requirements and list them out with more information. Information retrieval of drug related data is an essential tool in the pharmacist’s tool belt. One example of a great computational research tool used for computational design of drugs is the OpenEye OMEGA software suite. OMEGA is the name of a software product belonging to the OpenEye scientific software suite. OMEGA is a powerful tool for screening toxic chemical groups and providing validation of Lipinski’s rule of 5. OMEGA and vRocs have large libraries that can provide much help throughout the usage of computer-aided drug design. The OpenEye product claims that it â€Å"performs rapid conformational expansion of drug-like molecules, yielding a throughput of tens of thousands of compounds per day per processor (open eye website)†. This is a huge search, and without the modern memory, data storage, and speed of modern computers, this task would be impossible. At the beginning of any computational research, researchers have to get into a specific mindset. First, what disease does this researcher want to work on? Based on the disease selected, what drugs are cur rently on the market? Third, are there any other drugs can be any possible new drug candidates? At this point, researchers can start putting their desired pharmacophora into a computer, and let the computer search the library to suggest any possible candidates for further research. Automated drug screening is a good example of this type of raw processing speed and breadth of data to go through. Extensive automatic pharmacological screening for compounds is the traditional and effective method to find new drugs. The sources of compounds are available for screening on a wide range of values including synthetic compounds, natural extracts, microbial fermentation, and compounds obtained by combinatorial chemistry techniques. There are a large number of these compounds possible, so in order to avoid leakage of data across screenings, screening needs to go through a few dozen general pharmacological screening models. To have the best possible outcomes, usually the combination of computer and robates for a netter system can run a screen quickly, efficiently, and on a large scale of samples. Currently, 10ÃŽ ¼g of a typical compound is a sufficient amount to go through dozens of pharmacological screenings, and as tens of thousands of compounds can be screened per day, t his provides valuable research and development of lead compounds. Within the past few years, even the regular computer is able to store a staggering amount of information. In order to perform the screening methods mentioned above, computers need to have large libraries. However, having a large library is not enough for computer to perform computational research; a certain amount of AI logic is also required. This AI logic ability as implemented through judgment causality analysis is the ability to analyze the proposition being established in order to make the appropriate countermeasures. This logic, or pattern recognition, is nowadays easily implemented by computers. OMEGA is one program can be used for pattern recognition. Drugs are used to cure diseases, but for many drugs, they can be toxic to human at the same time as they are helping us control and cure some diseases. Pattern recognition uses the computer using mathematical methods to study automatic processing techniques and interpretation models. We consider the environment and objects within as a model. With the development of computer technology, it is possible to model extremely complex human information processing. An important form of this type of modeling is the identification process on the environment and the living body object. OMEGA can take as input information on the compounds generated by Gaussian and run through GaussView to filter out toxic compounds. This filter can recognize extremely complex pattern. In this filter, many structures are programed in as toxic groups. Any compounds possessing properties of any of these toxic groups will not pass this filter. Other than toxic groups, this program can also recognize number of hydroge n bond donors (HBD) and hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA). HBD and HBA counts are important for drugs because they are important indication for if a drug candidate can be a production drug or not. Dr. Lipinski is the scientist who first comes up with a so-called â€Å"rule of five.† Linpinski’s rule of five was created in 1997 after Christopher A. Lipinski studied 2245 drugs appear on the World Drug Index that have passed phase II clinical trials. By study these drugs’ structural features he came up with four rules: The molecule weight of these compounds less than 500. The number of HBD is less than 5. The number of HBA is less than 10. Log P is less than 5 (Lipinski) (Lipinski et al) Because of Lipinski’s study, the number of HBA and HBD become one critical point when dealing with finding new drug candidates. The variable â€Å"P† is the lipo-hydro partition coefficient, and Log (P) is used to measure the solubility comparison of a compound’s solubility of octane to water. In order to pass through the body, drugs need to be polar in order to dissolve in the bloodstream. However, a drug should not be too polar, because it needs lipophilicity to pass through cell membrane. OMEGA is able to filter all these individual factors, and provide the end user a spreadsheet with all the information contained. After initial candidates search, it is time to test if the drug has a good binding to the target protein. In the human body, drugs need to bind to target protein thereby either inhibit or excite a series of biological reactions. How well a drug can bind to its target directly affect this drug’s efficiency. This structure-activity relationship is related to a drug’s pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The chemical structure affects a drug’s properties, and these structures will decide which protein this drug will interact with. A drug should not be too tightly bound to the protein because in this case the drug will be very hard to be metabolized and eliminated through the body, and can cause accumulation in the body, and be toxic. To measure how well a drug can bind to its target, the software VIDA is the best choice. VIDA is a program which can visualize docking results of the drug with the protein in a 3D view. Beyond this entire skillset of detailed programs within pharmaceutical chemistry, it is also nice to have a computer that is easy to use, able to perform automatic work, and bind all these programs together. As more and more modern drug analysis use computer instruments for analysis, so many different analytical instruments and computer connection and so many different instrumentation and automation for online use are not only for the determination of electrochemical, spectroscopic, kinetic equilibrium constant, but they are also used for data processing, statistical analysis and results. This all will allow for drug analysis continue to move forward in a sensitive, accurate and rapid direction. Over the years, computer has been developing rapidly, and at the point, people are not only working on making computer faster. Instead, people trying to put this powerful Programs are designed for people, and by people, reflecting the peoples way of thinking and behavior of action, remember to replace part of the program and will be able to simulate human thinking and activities. Reference Bellis, Mary. The History of the ENIAC Computer. About.com Inventors. About.com, 16 May 2014. Web. 03 June 2014. GOLDSTINE, HERMAN H. Computers at the University of Pennsylvanias Moore School, 1943-1946. Computers at the University of Pennsylvanias Moore School, 1943-1946. PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, 1992. Web. 04 June 2014. Lipinski, Christopher A. Lead- and Drug-like Compounds: The Rule-of-five Revolution. Lead- and Drug-like Compounds: The Rule-of-five Revolution. Elsevier B.V., Dec. 2004. Web. 04 June 2014. Lipinski, Christopher A., FRANCO Lambardo, Beryl W. Dominy, and Paul J. Feeney. Experimental and Computational Approaches to Estimate Solubility and Permeability in Drug Discovery and Development Settings. Experimental and Computational Approaches to Estimate Solubility and Permeability in Drug Discovery and Development Settings. Elsevier B.V., Mar. 2001. Web. 04 June 2014. 1

Instant Messenger Changed My Life (For the Better!) :: Internet Essays

Instant Messenger Changed My Life (For the Better!) Since I was in Seventh or Eighth grade I have used AOL Instant Messenger as a way to communicate with my friends and family. I would sit â€Å"online† for hours upon hours talking to my friends. You weren’t cool unless you had AIM (AOL Instant Messenger) at your home. Every since the day I started using it I have become â€Å"addicted† to it. For a couple of months when it first came out it was kind of taking over my life. It would be the first thing I did when I got home from school, take a break for dinner then go straight back to chatting online until my mom forced me to go to bed. I never thought of it as a learning experience until I got a little older. When thinking back on how I learned to do things on the computer and/or some things in everyday life they all connect to AIM in a strange way. AIM had forced me to write and talk like I would type. I would use abbreviations and even spell words shorter on paper so they would be faster to write down just like on AIM when you use shorter spellings to type faster. For example the word because, first became shortened to cause then it became â€Å"cuz† since it was only three letters instead of the original seven. I think it was just around the age of sixteen when I could finally drive, that I stopped being so obsessed with AIM. Although when I left home for college, I quickly became once again obsessed. I found that instead of doing my homework I’d try to talk to my friends that didn’t have away messages up. If they did have a message up I’d check it like five times just in case it changed. Even when I have class or go to work I don’t sign off, I just put an away message up explaining to my friends and family where I am and how to get a hold of me. Now my sister who is thirteen is â€Å"a ddicted† to AIM and following in the same footsteps as myself. She would rather spend her entire summer vacation inside on the computer rather than swimming, rollerblading or riding her bike with friends.

Music History: Renaissance Era

The Renaissance was the great age of vocal polyphony, music consisting of a number of equally important voice parts all woven together to create a complex tapestry of overlapping melodies and beautiful harmonies. In religious music, the primary compositional forms were the Mass and the motet, while in secular music they were the French chanson, or song (for three or four voices), and the Italian madrigal. Instrumental music was not, for the most part, as formalized during the Renaissance as it would later become. Instruments were used in varying combinations to accompany singers (in both religious and secular music), to provide music for private entertainment and dancing, and to provide festive or ceremonial music for towns and royal courts. Principal instruments of the period included the lute, organ, and harpsichord, viols, recorders shawms (double-reed precursors of the oboe), cruhorns (also double-reed instruments), trombones and trumpets (Gangwere). Among the most important composers of the Renaissance were Guillaume Dufay, of the so-called Burgundian school, centered at the court of the dukes of Burgundy in Dijon France and Johannes Ockeghem, Jacob Obrecht, Josquin des Prez, and later, Orlando di Lasoo of the Flemish school (Pen). The Mass The unvarying structure of the mass, the constancy of the text, and the solemnity of function were not conducive to musical experimentation in mass composition. Flemish masses still used the cantus firmus techniques of the earlier Burgundian masters. In the hands of exceptional composers such as Giovanni da Palestrina the mass was a highly devotional and serene expression of the liturgy, perfectly suited to the austerity demanded by the Counter Reformation. Palestrina’s flexible arched melodic lines, his studied use of consonance and dissonance, and his beautifully constructed harmonic sonorities became the model for generations of counterpoint teachers (Hoffman). The Motet The early motet (from the French word meaning â€Å"word†) frequently contained different texts in various languages for each voice parts. Complexities of word setting and tone painting were simply not an important aspect of the music for early motet composers. As the humanism began to exert its influence, composers grew more attentive to text setting. The single text was the motivating force for the motet. Each section of music was presented as a separate musical episode that attempted to highlight the clarity of the text as well as to convey the emotional impact of the words. This style of sensitive text representation came to be known as music reservata. Composers developed specific techniques for the musica reservata style. Second, the natural speech rhythm was matched by melodic rhythm so that the words were correctly accented. Third, syllabic treatment of text and expressive figures were used to portray the message of the text (Hoffman). The Chanson Chansons were three-voice secular works in which the music closely mirrored the meaning of the French poetic text. The text, usually an expression of love, was in rondeau form with a two-line refrain (A B a A a b A B). Although they may have been performed entirely by voices, the usual presentation probably featured a solo voice on the top (superius) line with the bottom two polyphonic lines played by instruments (Hoffman). Other musics such as chorale, anthem, psalm settings, frottola and madrigal are legacies of Renaissance period. It was only during the Renaissance that musicians begun to recognize the idiomatic potential of instruments and consequently began composing in particular genres intended for instrumental rather than choral performance (Pen). Works Cited Gangwere, Blanche. Music History During the Renaissance Period, 1520-1550: A Documented Chronology. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004. Hoffman, Miles. The Npr Classical Music Companion: An Essential Guide for Enlightened Listening. Houghton Mifflin Books, 2005. Pen, Ronald. Introduction to Music. McGraw-Hill Professional, 1992.   

Atkins or “Fadkins”

Proteins †¢made of amino acids †¢main functions – cell synthesis and repair, energy as needed †¢examples – soy, beans, legumes, nuts, seeds, animal products (milk, meats, cottage cheese, etc. ) b. Carbohydrates †¢made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen †¢main functions – primary energy source, fat and protein metabolism, energy reserves in stored glycogen, blood glucose fuels brain and CNS †¢examples – starch, sugars (breads, pasta, starchy vegetables, fruit sugars, simple sugars, etc. ) c. Fats †¢made of fatty acids glycerol †¢main functions saturated sources (dairy products, meat, margarine, chocolate, coconut oil, etc. ), unsaturated/MUFAs/PUFAs sources (safflower/olive/soybean oils, tuna, salmon, etc. ) 2. The CNS always needs a constant feed of gluclose form the blood because it needs energy much more than any other cells in the body and is unable to used stored gluclose. 3. When the body needs energy and there’ s not enough carbs, then the body turns to stored fat for energy. Ketone Bodies are needed for utilizing fat stores for energy. This can be damaging to organs such as the kidneys.Excess proteins are also damaging to the kidneys. 4. Calorie – is a measure of energy released by food as it is digested by the human body Energy – all activities of the body require energy, and all needs are met by the consumption of food containing energy in chemical form This is misleading because calories ARE the energy. So if the drink is supposed to give you energy, then it has calories in it no matter what the label says. 5. Carbs fats and proteins all contain calories so they all have energy. Part 2 1. Obesity really means having a BMI of 30+.Taking more calories in than the body is able to burn will lead to weight gain. Other contributing factors are medical conditions, medications, and emotional issues. 2. The set point theory says that the body has a natural weight that it likes to be and no matter how much physical activity you have or what your diet is, it will always want to revert back to that comfy-spot. The body achieves homeostasis through maintaining a consistent weight. This homeostasis is controlled by individual fat cells and when they get smaller it sends a signal to the brain to eat. 3.Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that take place in the body and how fast the body utilizes the calories that we put into it. Body weight increases and decreases based on the amount of calories put in and the amount of energy we burn. 4. Increasing muscle mass does increase metabolism because all muscles have a resting energy requirement and more muscle utilizes more energy. 5. A diuretic is any substance that increases the amount of fluid excreted as urine. This can have a negative effect on homeostasis because it can make the fluid that the body actually needs leave too. . Exocrine glands, the liver and the kidneys remove toxins. A toxin is a biolog ical poison. Some toxins are known to be stored in fat cells so it could be true that the more fat we have in our body the more toxic our body may become. 7. Yes, Mitchell has a body image problem.More health risks that can result from this are irregular heartbeat, heart failure, gastric rupture in a case of binging, dehydration, tooth decay, irregular bowel movements or constipation, peptic ulcers and pancreatitis. Part 3 1. Carbohydrates are made up of sugars. . Blood carries sugar in its stream for energy. Diabetes is a metabolic disease in which carbohydrate use is reduced and that of lipid and protein enhanced. Caused by a deficiency of insulin or an inability to respond to insulin. More sever cases are known as hyperglycemia, glycosuria, water and electrolyte loss, ketoacidosis, and coma. 3. A low carb diet can cause fatigue and headaches because carbs are an amazing source of energy. Without carbs, you tire more easily and the sugar in your blood is lower causing the headache s.

Ottoman vs. Mughals

Ottoman Empire Vs. Mughal Empire The Ottoman and Mughal empires were two of the most successful empires to ever come together. However, in their dominance there was many similarities as well as differences. Both went through their share of struggle. Whether through political, religious, or cultural struggle the two empires had to rely on their emperors for guidance and rule. The Ottomans were amid the Turkic-speaking nomadic people who had spread westward from Central Asia through out the ninth, tenth and eleventh centuries. The first to appear were the Seljuk Turks.In the late thirteenth century, a new group of Turks began to emerge in the northwestern corner of Anatolian peninsula, under the leadership of the tribal leader Osman. These Turks were peaceful and engaged in pastoral pursuits. However, with the decline of the Seljuk Empire in the early fourteenth century, the Osman Turks began to expand and founded the Osmanli dynasty. The Osmanlis later became known as the Ottomans. La ter expanding westward the Ottoman Empire set up their first European base at Gallipoli. They expanded gradually into the Balkans and allied with Serbia and Bulgar forces against the Byzantines.Okhar gradually established permanent settlements in the area. Throughout the area Turkish provincial governors, called beys, collected taxes from the local Slavic peasants after driving out the previous landlords. This later became known as the Bey system. Which would be the foundation of the Ottoman administration for centuries. In this system the Ottoman leader began to claim the title of Sultan or supreme power over his domain. â€Å"The Ottoman political system was the result of the evolution of tribal institutions into a sedentary empire† (Duiker, Spielvogel. 455).At the apex of this system was the Sultan, who was the authority in both a political and military sense. Though, both administrative and military power was centralized under the bey. Okhar’s son Murad succeeded h im in 1389. Murad began to build of a strong military administration based on the recruitment of Christians into an elite guard. These warriors were called Janissaries. Some of these Janissaries were even able to become senior members of the bureaucracy. They were then assigned land in fief by the sultan and were responsible for collecting taxes and supplying armies to the empire.The land was farmed out to the local cavalry elite called the Sipahis. Who were equivalent to the beys, this system later became known as the Devshirme system. Janissaries were also a big advantage because they were directly subordinated to the sultanate; because of this they owed loyalty to the person of the sultan. Both Okhar’s and Murad’s system were vital aspects of the Ottoman’s expansion. The most prevalent was in 1451 when Mehmet II ordered the construction of a major fortress on the Bosporus. This move put the Turks in a position to strangle the Byzantine Empire. With the Byzant ines hand-cuffed, Mehmet II made his move.He attacked Constantinople in 1453 where he defeated the empire and ignited the expansion of what would be known as one of the most dominant empires of all time. Constantinople later was renamed to Istanbul, as it became the center of the art, education, and religion for the Ottoman Empire. Mehmet II did not only tear down the Byzantine Empire, but he also built the Topkapi Palace, which was the heart of administration and religion. The Ottoman Empire continued their expansion with Mehmet’s successor Selim I in 1512. Selim I defeated the Mamlucks of Egypt after they failed to support the Ottomans in there battle against the Safavids.Which gave him control of several holy cities of Islam, including Jerusalem, Mecca, and Medina, Selim declared himself the new Caliph, or the successor of Muhammad in the Muslim religion. The Caliph is the highest religious authority and the defender of the religion. Also, the Caliph interprets laws of the Shari’a. However, in practice the Head Priest does the interpreting. These Ottomans elites were Sunni Muslims, although, Islamic law and customs were applied to all Muslims in the empire. Some communities were attracted to Sufism or other heterodox doctrines.The government accepted such activities as long as the communities remained loyal to the empire. Non-Muslims formed a significant minority within the empire. The minority was treated with relative tolerance, but they were compelled to pay a head tax and were permitted to practice their religion or convert to Islam. Each of these religious groups within the empire was organized as an administrative unit known as millet. Each group, including Muslims had its own patriarch priest, who dealt as an intermediary with the government and administered the community according to its own laws. Nomadic people were placed in separate millets.Where they were subject to their own laws, and were governed by their hereditary chiefs, the beys. The Mughals came about in quite a different way. In the late fourteenth century, the Indian subcontinent known as Calicut was divided into a number of Hindu and Muslim kingdoms. However, it was on the verge of a new era of unity that was brought upon by a foreign dynasty known as the Mughals. The Founder of the Mughal Empire known as Babur had a prominent family history, not only was his father a descendent from the great Asian conqueror Tamerlane, but his mother was also a descendent from the Mongol Conqueror Genghis Khan.Unlike the Ottomans who earned their first land as a reward from the Seljuk Turks for their role in the drive out of the Mongols in the late thirteenth century. Babur inherited a portion of Tamerlane’s empire in an upland valley of the Syr Darya River. Though, the Uzbeks and then the Safavid dynasty in Persia drove him south. Babur and his warriors later seized Kabul in 1504 and thirteen years later crossed Khyber Pass into India. Moreover, the conque ror of the Mughal Empire that made the greatest impact was Babur’s grandson Akbar.Although he was illiterate, and only assumed the throne at the age of fourteen. He was also remembered as one of the most intelligent conquerors of the empire. So intelligent, instead of taking the title of the Caliph as the Ottoman’s did. He proclaimed himself as the spiritual and temporal head of state. Akbar did this to insure that everyone would follow his policies, not because he was Devine, but because of his wisdom. Akbar took toleration to an entirely different level. Making the Ottoman’s look intolerable, as emperor Akbar displayed a keen interest in other religions.Tolerating Hindu practices in his own domains but also welcoming the expression of Christian views by his Jesuit advisers. With these beliefs, Akbar decided to formulate his own religion he called Din-I-Ilahi. This religion was based off toleration, taking away many regulations that the Muslim court had in plac e. For example, he allowed worship in public; he allowed construction of Christian churches and Hindu Temple. As well as establishing a translation department, translating Hindu religious books into Persian. Yet in 1519, maybe the most important regulation was eliminated, when Akbar abolished the Jizya.This was the head tax put in place by the ottomans to all of the Non-Muslims had to pay in order to stay out of the military. Doing this created a brotherhood of man within the Muslim culture, unlike the Ottomans who looked down on the minorities in the area. Akbar also extends his changes to the imperial administration. The empire was divided into provinces, a lot like the Ottoman’s, and the administration of each province was modeled after the central government, with separate departments for military, financial, commercial, and legal affairs. Senior officials were then appointed for each department.These officials were known as Zamindars. The officials were first paid salari es, but later they were ordinarily assigned sections of agricultural land. Where peasants walked the land, tilled the land, but were forced to pay a tax to the Zamindar. Which was partly kept by the Zamindar, and the rest was forwarded to the central government. The Zamindar also recruited a number of military and civilian retainers and accumulated considerable power in their areas. A great deal of the Mughals success was the harmony that Akbar imposed on their society.Unfortunately, when Akbar passed, so did most of his ideas. Akbar’s successors tried to turn the Mughal Empire back into a Sunni Muslim state, and the toleration of Non-Muslims was gone. This discrimination as well as economic crisis led to decline of the Mughal Empire. Despite the fact that both the Ottoman’s and the Mughals had outstanding leadership and motivation, this was not the lone factor that allowed them to be so successful. Some scholars have labeled them â€Å"Gun Powder Empire† becaus e of their superior military techniques of modern warfare, especially the use of firearms.Firearms played a central role in expansion for both the empires. In conclusion, these two Sunni Muslim empires could seem quite diverse on one hand, but in the big picture they have a considerable amount in common. Both were trying to achieve their goal of expansion, and both had to innovate their own regulations within a Sunni Muslim state. Nevertheless, the two went about these two goals in a diverse way. Bibliography – William J. Duiker, Jackson J. Spielvogel, World History Seventh Edition, The Pennsylvania State University, Vol. II, Since 1500.