Depression Anxiety in Older Adults: Gaps in the Knowledge

first gear Anxiety in Older Adults Gaps in the KnowledgeDepression and Anxiety in Older AdultsAre there gaps in current knowledge regarding diagnosis and treatment?IntroductionMental health problems in aged(a) adults can cause a massive social impact, often bringing about poor people quality of life, isolation and exclusion. Depression is one of the most debilitating mental health disorders worldwide, affecting approximately 7% of the elderly population (Global Health Data Exchange, 2010). Despite this, it is excessively one of the most underdiagnosed and undertreated conditions in the primitive care setting. Even with estimates of approximately 25% of over 65s living in the community having depressive symptoms severe enough to warrant medical intervention, only when one third discuss their symptoms with their GP. Of those that do, only 50% receive treatment as symptoms of first gear within this population often coincide with other later on life problems ( IAPT, 2009 World H ealth Organisation (WHO), 2004).Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 Depression and Anxiety in honest-to-goodness adultsMany misconceptions surround ageing including the occurrence that first is a normal part of the ageing process. Actual evidence indicates that other physical health issues often supersede the presentation of depressive symptoms in cured adults which may suggest that the development of depression is highly influenced by deteriorating physical health (Baldwin, 2008 Baldwin et al, 2002). Depression may present differently in older adults in comparison to adolescents or even working age adults. Although the same disorder may be present throughout different stages of the lifespan, in older adults trusted symptoms of depression may be accentuated, such as somatic or psychotic symptoms and memory complaints, or suppressed, such as the feelings of sadness, in comparison to jr. people with the same disorder (Baldwin, 2008 Chiu, Tam Chiu, 2008). OConnor et al (2001) carried out a study into the influence of age on the response of major depression to electroconvulsive therapy and found that when confounding variables are controlled (age at the beginning of a study), there is no difference in the remission rates for depression in devil younger and older adults, however, relapse rates remain higher for older adults. Backing this up, Brodaty et al (1993) conducted a qualitative naturalistic study into the prognosis of depression in older adults in comparison to younger adults and again confirmed that the prognosis and remission for depression in older adults is not significantly worsened than for younger adults. However, the rigor of a qualitative naturalistic study is argued by proponents as being value-laden in nature, while criticisms of this study approach highlight it as being subjective, anecdotal and subject to researcher bias (Koch, 2006).In addition to depression, dread disorders are in like manner common among older adults, often presenting a s a comorbid condition. In 2007, 2.28 million people were diagnosed as having an anxiety disorder, with 13% of those individuals aged 65 and over. By 2026, the projected number of people diagnosed with an anxiety disorder is expect to rise by 12.7% to 2.56 million with the greatest increase expected to be seen in the older adult population ( top executives Fund, 2008). Despite the preponderance rate, anxiety is poorly researched in comparison to other psychiatric disorders in older people (Wetherell et al, 2005). Of the anxiety disorders, phobic disorders and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) are the two most common in older people (Bryant et al, 2008). It wasnt until 1980 that the American Psychiatric Association (APA) published the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) tertiary Edition which introduced Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) into the psychiatric nomenclature, distinguishing it from other anxiety disorders for the first time (APA, 1980). MCManus et al (2009) estimate that in England only, as many as 4.4% of people in England suffer with GAD with prevalence rates between 1.2 and 2.5 times higher for women than men (Prajapati, 2012).Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has received more clinical interest lately, correlating with individuals from the Second World War, Holocaust and Vietnam Veterans reaching or being well into old age and increasing recognition of PTSD. Despite this, data relating to prevalence rates still remains limited with research tending to focus on specific populations as opposed to community figures, for example, with regards to UK war veterans, approximately 30% will develop PTSD (pickingupthepieces.org.au, 2014). Unfortunately, stigma tends to misrepresent PTSD statistics as sufferers tend not to seek diagnosis or researcher bias is present. brit (2000) found that many service personal within the military stated that admitting to a mental health problem was not only more stigmatising that admitting to a physical health problem but they also believed it would have a more detrimental impact on their career prospects. Furthermore, Mueller (2009) conducted a study into revelation attitudes in which it was concluded that these attitudes can strongly predict symptom severity. With this in mind, it is important to stress the importance of practicing within the limits of NMC (2008) code of conduct in which monotonous positive regards must be show by all nursing staff whilst incorporating a non-bias attitude in practice.Anxiety and depression comorbidity is well established. A longitudinal study, noted for its beneficial adaptability in enabling the researcher to look at changes over time, conducted by Balkom et al (2000) found that in a hit-or-miss community sample of adults (55 and older), who were diagnosed as having an anxiety disorder, 13% also met the criteria of major depressive disorder (MDD). Adding weight to the evidence of anxiety and depression comorbidity in older adul ts, Schaub (2000) who also conducted a longitudinal study, found that 29.4% of a sample of older adults in a German community met the criteria for a depressive disorder. Longitudinal studies are thought to leave in their validity due to the attrition of randomly assigned participants during the course of the study, thus producing a final sample that is not a true standard of the population sampled (Rivet-Amico, 2009).King-Kallimanis, Gum and Kohn (2009) examined current and lifetime comorbidity of anxiety with depression. Within a 12 month period they found 51.8% of older adults with MDD in the United States also met the diagnostic criteria for an anxiety disorder. There is evidence to suggest that the first presentation of anxiety symptoms in older adults suggests an underlying depressive disorder (Chiu et al, 2008). Unfortunately, comorbid anxiety and depression in older adults is associated with much higher risks of suicidal symptoms (Bartels et al, 2002 Lenze et al, 2000) in a ddition to increased reports of more severe psychiatric and somatic symptoms and poorer social functioning when compared to depression alone (Lenze et al, 2000 Schoevers et al, 2003).2.2 Diagnosis and Screening ToolsAPP TO PRACTICEDementia, along with depression and other priority mental disorders are included in the WHO Mental Health Gap achievement Programme (mhGAP). This programme aims to improve care for mental, neurological and substance use disorders through providing guidance and tools to develop health services in resource poor areas.Synthesis and utilization of empirical research is an important aspect of evidence-based care. Only within the context of the holistic assessment, can the highest quality of care be achieved.ReferencesBaldwin, R., Chiu, E., Katona, C., and Graham, N. 2002. Guidelines on depression in older people Practising the evidence. London Martin Dunitz Ltd.Baldwin, R. 2008. Mood disorders depressive disorders. In Jacob R et al, Oxford Textbook of Older Ag e psychological medicine. Oxford Oxford University Press.Balkom, V., Beekman , A., de Beurs, E., et al. Comorbidity of the anxiety disorders in a community-based older population in the Netherlands Online. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 101(-). Pp 3745. uncommitted at https//www-swetswise-com.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/FullTextProxy/swproxy?url=http//onlinelibrary.wiley.coc/resolve/doi/pdf?DOI=10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.101001037.xts=1409279416128cs=1533436201userName=0000884.ipdireciemCondId=884articleID=25446758yevoID=1585273titleID=2498remoteAddr=131.251.137.64hostType=PRO Accessed 29th sublime 2014.Bartels, S., Coakley, E., Oxman, T., et al. 2002. Suicidal and death ideation in older primary care patients with depression, anxiety, and at-risk alcohol use. American journal of Psychiatry.159(10) pp.417427.Brodaty, H., Harris, L., Peters, K., Wilhelm, K., Hickie, I., Boyce, P., Mitchell, P., Parker, G., and Eyers, K. 1993. Prognosis of depression in the elderly. A comparison with younger pa tients Online. The British ledger of Psychiatry 163(-) pp589-596. Available at http//bjp.rcpsych.org/content/163/5/589BIBL Accessed 27th August 2014.Chiu, H., Tam,W., and Chiu, E. 2008. WPA educational program on depressivedisorders Depressive disorders in older persons. World Psychiatric Association (WPA).Kings Fund. 2008. Paying the price The cost of mental health care in England to 2026 Online. London Kings Fund. Available at http//www.kingsfund.org.uk/sites/files/kf/Paying-the-Price-the-cost-of-mental-health-care-England-2026-McCrone-Dhanasiri-Patel-Knapp-Lawton-Smith-Kings-Fund-May-2008_0.pdf Accessed 17th August 2014.Koch, T. 2006. Establishing rigour in qualitative research the decision trail. Journal of Advanced Nursing 53(1) pp. 91-100Lenze, E., Mulsant, B., Shear M, et al. 2000. Comorbid anxiety disorders in depressed elderly patients Online. American Journal of Psychiatry. 157(-) pp.722728. Available at http//ajp.psychiatryonline.org.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/data/Journals/AJP/3 712/722.pdf?resultClick=3 Accessed 29th August 2014.OConnor, M., Knapp, R., Husain, M., et al. 2001. The influence of age on the response of major depression to electroconvulsive therapy a shopping center report. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 9(-) pp. 382390Rivet-Amico, K. 2009. Percent Total Attrition A Poor Metric for Study Rigor in Hosted Intervention Designs Online. American Journal of Public Health 99(9) pp 1567-1575. Available at http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2724469/ Accessed 22nd August 2014.Schaub, R., Linden, M. 2000. Anxiety and anxiety disorders in the old and very oldresults from the Berlin Aging Study (BASE) Online. spaciotemporal Psychiatry. 41(-) pp 4854. Available at http//ac.els-cdn.com.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/S0010440X00800085/1-s2.0-S0010440X00800085-main.pdf?_tid=25fb884e-2f25-11e4-ae4a-00000aab0f6bacdnat=1409279912_0012d28347b6791e31a8b5199f3daaa1 Accessed 29th August 2014.Schoevers, R., Beekman, A., Deeg, D., et al. 2003. The natural histo ry of late-life depression results from the Amsterdam Study of the Elderly (AMSTEL) Online. Journal of Affective Disorders.76(1) pp 514. Available at http//ac.els-cdn.com.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/S0165032702000605/1-s2.0-S0165032702000605-main.pdf?_tid=1814aa80-2f34-11e4-a381-00000aab0f27acdnat=1409286331_4cb7efb58af9c004b37dc4825f8831d5 Accessed 19th August 2014.